FFL Licensing Resource Center
Educational information about Federal Firearms Licenses — types, application process, and compliance requirements.
This page is for educational purposes only. Always consult the official ATF website and a licensed attorney for legal guidance.
FFL License Types
The most common FFL types for dealers and collectors.
Dealer in Firearms Other Than Destructive Devices
The most common FFL. Allows you to buy, sell, and transfer firearms as a business. Required for gun stores, pawn shops dealing in firearms, and online dealers.
Can Do:
- Buy and sell firearms
- Accept transfers from other FFLs
- Conduct NICS background checks
- Take firearms in on consignment
Cannot Do:
- Manufacture firearms
- Import firearms
- Deal in NFA items without SOT
Pawnbroker in Firearms
Allows pawnbrokers to accept firearms as collateral and sell them. Similar to Type 01 but specifically for pawn operations.
Can Do:
- Accept firearms as collateral
- Sell unredeemed firearms
- Transfer firearms
Cannot Do:
- Manufacture firearms
- Import firearms
Collector of Curios and Relics
Allows collectors to acquire C&R-eligible firearms directly from dealers and other licensees. Cannot be used for commercial dealing.
Can Do:
- Acquire C&R firearms directly from dealers
- Receive C&R firearms across state lines
- Maintain a personal collection
Cannot Do:
- Conduct commercial transfers
- Accept transfers for others
- Deal in non-C&R firearms
Manufacturer of Firearms Other Than Destructive Devices
Allows manufacturing of firearms for commercial sale. Also includes dealer privileges. With SOT, can manufacture NFA items.
Can Do:
- Manufacture firearms for sale
- Buy and sell firearms (dealer privileges)
- With SOT: manufacture NFA items
Cannot Do:
- Import firearms
- Deal in destructive devices without additional licensing
Importer of Firearms
Allows importing of firearms and ammunition from foreign countries for commercial sale.
Can Do:
- Import firearms from foreign countries
- Import ammunition
- Sell imported firearms
Cannot Do:
- Manufacture firearms
- Import NFA items without additional licensing
The Application Process
A step-by-step overview of applying for a Federal Firearms License.
Determine Your License Type
Review the FFL types and determine which one fits your intended business activity. Most dealers need a Type 01.
Ask about this stepCheck Zoning & Local Laws
Verify that your intended business location is properly zoned for firearms dealing. Check state and local laws — some jurisdictions have additional requirements.
Ask about this stepComplete ATF Form 7
Download and complete ATF Form 7 (Application for Federal Firearms License). The form requires business information, responsible persons, and premises details.
Ask about this stepSubmit Application & Fee
Complete ATF Form 7/7CR and submit the application using the current instructions provided by ATF. As of the latest official ATF guidance, the completed application and fee must be mailed to the address listed on the form. Always review the current ATF instructions before submitting.
Ask about this stepATF Interview
An ATF Industry Operations Inspector (IOI) will contact you to schedule an in-person interview at your proposed business premises.
Ask about this stepPremises Inspection
The IOI will inspect your business premises to verify compliance with storage requirements, security measures, and business legitimacy.
Ask about this stepBackground Check
All responsible persons listed on the application will undergo a background check. Prohibited persons cannot hold an FFL.
Ask about this stepLicense Issued
If approved, your FFL will be issued and mailed to your licensed premises. Total processing time is typically 60–90 days.
Ask about this stepRecordkeeping Requirements
FFL holders must maintain specific records. Non-compliance can result in license revocation.
Acquisition & Disposition (A&D) Book
Every FFL must maintain a bound book recording all firearms acquired and disposed of. Must include make, model, caliber, serial number, and transfer information.
ATF Form 4473
Firearms Transaction Record. Must be completed for every transfer to a non-licensee. Retain Forms 4473 in accordance with current ATF requirements — until discontinuance of business or licensed activity. Paper forms older than 20 years may be stored separately under applicable ATF rules.
NICS Background Checks
A NICS background check is generally required before transferring a firearm to a non-licensee unless a lawful exception applies, such as an eligible qualifying permit. Keep records of all NICS transaction numbers.
Multiple Handgun Sales Reports
Must report to ATF and local law enforcement when selling two or more handguns to the same person within 5 business days.
Annual Inventory
ATF highly recommends conducting an annual physical inventory, or equivalent periodic inventory process, and reconciling it with the A&D record. Additional state, local, insurance, or business requirements may apply.
Theft & Loss Reporting
Must report any theft or loss of firearms to ATF and local law enforcement within 48 hours of discovery.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I get an FFL as a home-based business?
Yes, but you must demonstrate that you are "engaged in the business" of dealing in firearms — not just buying and selling for personal collection. You must also comply with local zoning laws, which sometimes prohibit commercial activity in residential areas.
How long does the FFL application process take?
Typically 60–90 days from submission to approval, assuming no issues. The ATF interview and background check are the longest steps.
What disqualifies someone from getting an FFL?
Any condition that would prohibit firearm possession under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) disqualifies a person from being a responsible person on an FFL. This includes felony convictions, domestic violence misdemeanors, and other disqualifying factors.
Do I need an FFL to sell guns from my personal collection?
Generally no, if you are selling from a personal collection and not "engaged in the business" of dealing. However, the line between personal sales and dealing can be unclear. Consult an attorney if you are unsure.
What is a SOT (Special Occupational Taxpayer)?
A SOT is an additional registration that allows Type 01, 02, 07, and 08 FFL holders to deal in NFA items (suppressors, machine guns, SBRs, etc.). The annual SOT tax is $500 for most dealers.
Official ATF Resources
Already Have an FFL?
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FFL NetworkLegal Disclaimer
This information is for educational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Laws change frequently. Always consult the official ATF website and a qualified attorney before applying for an FFL.